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โ˜„๏ธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ Stoichiometry parameter ๋ณธ๋ฌธ

๐Ÿ”‹ ์ด์ฐจ ์ „์ง€

โ˜„๏ธ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ Stoichiometry parameter

jimingee 2025. 3. 12. 19:10

 

๐Ÿšฉ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ Stoichiometry(ํ™”ํ•™์–‘๋ก )๋ž€?

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ดํ™”(degradation)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์–‘๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(์ฆ‰, Stoichiometry)๋Š” ์—ดํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

Stoichiometry(ํ™”ํ•™์–‘๋ก )๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ทน(์–‘๊ทนยท์Œ๊ทน) ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋น„์œจ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ „๊ทน ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Stoichiometry ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์•• ํŠน์„ฑ, ํ™•์‚ฐ ์†๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ดํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ธ Stoichiometry์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฐ’์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

 

1. Stoichiometry์˜ ์ •์˜ 

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ „๊ทน์˜ stoichiometry๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ „์•• ๋˜๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฌผ์งˆ(Li_xMOโ‚‚, Li_xCoOโ‚‚ ๋“ฑ) ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋น„์œจ(x)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์–‘๊ทน(stoichiometry of cathode): Li_xMOโ‚‚ (์˜ˆ: Li_xCoOโ‚‚, Li_xNiMnCoOโ‚‚)
  • ์Œ๊ทน(stoichiometry of anode): Li_xCโ‚† (์˜ˆ: ํ‘์—ฐ ์ „๊ทน, ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์ „๊ทน)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ x ๊ฐ’์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „์ด๋ฉฐ, x๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

2. ์–‘๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ Stoichiometry์˜ ์—ญํ• 

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ ์ „๊ทน์˜ Stoichiometry์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

(1) ์–‘๊ทน(Cathode)์˜ Stoichiometry

์–‘๊ทน์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹(์˜ˆ: LiCoOโ‚‚) : 

LixCoO2โ†”Lixโˆ’ฮ”xCoO2+ฮ”xLi++ฮ”xeโˆ’

 

  • ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ: x ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋จ โ†’ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน
  • ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ: x ์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ์–‘๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋จ โ†’ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ์†Œ

์ฆ‰, ์–‘๊ทน ๋‚ด stoichiometry ๊ฐ’ x๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ x=1(์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ)์—์„œ ์ถฉ์ „์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ , x๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

( ์˜ˆ, LiCoOโ‚‚์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 0.5โ‰คxโ‰ค1.0)

 

(2) ์Œ๊ทน(Anode)์˜ Stoichiometry

ํ‘์—ฐ(ํƒ„์†Œ, Cโ‚†) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์Œ๊ทน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹ : 

LixC6โ†”Lixโˆ’ฮ”xC6+ฮ”xLi++ฮ”xeโˆ’ 

 

  • ์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ: x ์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ํ‘์—ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์‚ฝ์ž… โ†’ ์ „์•• ๊ฐ์†Œ
  • ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ: x ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ด โ†’ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์Šน

์ฆ‰, ์Œ๊ทน ๋‚ด stoichiometry ๊ฐ’ x๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

x=1.0 ์ด๋ฉด LiCโ‚† (์™„์ „ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ), x=0์ด๋ฉด ํ‘์—ฐ(Cโ‚†, ์™„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 0โ‰คxโ‰ค1.0)

 

 

๐Ÿ‘‰ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ฒด ์…€ ์ „์•• (V=Vcathodeโˆ’Vanode)์€ ๋‘ ์ „๊ทน์˜ stoichiometry ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์–‘๊ทน: x๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์•• ์ฆ๊ฐ€
  • ์Œ๊ทน: x๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์•• ๊ฐ์†Œ

 

 

โญ 3. Stoichiometry์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ

Stoichiometry๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(1) ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ Stoichiometry

  • ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(available capacity)์€ ์ „๊ทน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” x ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, LiCoOโ‚‚์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ x๊ฐ€ 1์—์„œ 0.5๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„๋งŒํผ์ด ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(2) ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(Stability)

  • x ๊ฐ’์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ „๊ทน ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, LiCoOโ‚‚์—์„œ x๊ฐ€ 0.5 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋ฉด CoOโ‚‚ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(3) ์ „์••๊ณผ Stoichiometry

  • ํŠน์ • Stoichiometry ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์••์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก (์ถฉ์ „ ์‹œ) ์ „์••์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก (๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ) ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

 

4. Stoichiometry์™€ SOH(State of Health)

๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ SOH(State of Health)๋Š” Stoichiometry์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๊ทน ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด์˜จ์ด ์ ์  ๊ณ ์ •(Lithium plating, SEI ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋“ฑ)๋˜์–ด x ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ SOH ์ €ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹ ํ’ˆ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ LiCoOโ‚‚ ์ „๊ทน์ด 0.5โ‰คxโ‰ค1.0์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋…ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 0.6โ‰คxโ‰ค0.9๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

 

์ถœ์ฒ˜ : Effective and practical parameters of electrochemical Li-ion battery models for degradation diagnosis

๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ figure๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ Stoichiometry ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”(BOL โ†’ EOL)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์–‘๊ทน(Positive Electrode)๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน(Negative Electrode)์˜ (x์ถ•) Normalized Lithium Concentration (์ •๊ทœํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋†๋„)๊ณผ (y์ถ•) Potential(์ „์••, V)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(a) ์–‘๊ทน (Positive Electrode)

  • ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ƒ๋‹จ(4.4V~3.4V)์—์„œ x์ถ•(์ •๊ทœํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๋†๋„, x)์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด:
    • BOL (ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ , Cell#1): Stoichiometry ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • EOL (๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•, Cell#2~Cell#5): Stoichiometry ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ข์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋…ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน์˜ stoichiometry๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ x ๊ฐ’ ๊ฐ์†Œ.
    • ์ด๋Š” ์ถฉยท๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ฆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ํŠน์ • ์ƒ์ „์ด(Phase Transition) ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

(b) ์Œ๊ทน (Negative Electrode)

  • ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ํ•˜๋‹จ(1.5V~0V)์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด:
    • BOL (ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ , Cell#1): ์Œ๊ทน์˜ stoichiometry ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 
    • EOL (๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•, Cell#2~Cell#5): stoichiometry ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 
  • ๋…ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ๊ทน ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ €์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ’ ๊ฐ์†Œ.
    • ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ Lithium Plating (๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์„์ถœ) ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • ์ด๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

 

5. ๊ฐ„๋‹จ ์ •๋ฆฌ

  • Stoichiometry๋ž€? ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „๊ทน(์–‘๊ทน/์Œ๊ทน)์—์„œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์ด์˜จ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋น„์œจ.
  • ์–‘๊ทน๊ณผ ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ 
    • ์–‘๊ทน (Li_xMOโ‚‚): ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์ด ๋น ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ ์ผ์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
    • ์Œ๊ทน (Li_xCโ‚†): ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์‹œ ๋ฆฌํŠฌ ์„์ถœ(Lithium plating) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
  • Stoichiometry์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ
    • ์ถฉ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ.
    • ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ x ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ์ „๊ทน ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋‹จ์ถ• ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
  • SOH์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„
    • ๋…ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Stoichiometry ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ.

 

 

 

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